Personal Responsibility and College Success Essay

What is personal responsibility and how does it relate to college success? To me personal responsibility is to be accountable for oneself and the people around you, in most any situation, there is no other person to hold accountable for your life than yourself. Everything we do is a direct reflection of your personality and the decisions you make. Morals are something you learn from your parents growing up. They teach you to always do the right thing and try not to make bad decisions. As you get older you’re going to start making important decisions that could affect your future. By doing this your growing into a responsible adult. Being personally responsible also means being able to take responsibility for your actions. What I mean by this is if you do something wrong don’t point the finger at someone else and say they did it. Be a responsible adult and be accountable for yourself and the things you do. When going to college you need to be accountable for your actions and the responsibility to turn in your homework, show up to class on time, get good grades, and study for tests. When going to college identify past problems that could set you back and overcome them in the future. In example if your not good at math go to a book store and buy a math tutor book and read it and it can help you focus on solutions and overcome barriers that you might have. When finding solutions to overcome your barriers don’t make excuses and tell yourself you cant do it. Make a system of checks and balances to help alleviate some stress. So if your studying for a long period of time take a break and do something else for a while then come back and finish. Never tell yourself you can’t do it. By doing this your going to feel better about yourself knowing that you did it and you took your time out of your day and learned something new. When going to college you need to make goals, a goal that is beneficial to your overall success. Your goal must be attainable, taking into consideration your personal resources and abilities. Be persistent when trying to reach your goals and never give up.

No Texting While Driving

Do you own a cellophane that you use on a dally basis? If yes, then think about where and when you make use of it. At work? At home? While cooking? Any free time that you can get your hands on your phone? What about when you're DRIVING? Because cell phones have become such a necessity in the world that we live in, people cannot go for long periods of time without turning to them to text, check Faceable or make a call. This impairs our Judgment and we don't always pay attention to the danger we put ourselves In when using cell phones.When the driver takes his/her eyes off the road to complete another task, almost all of the focus needed for safety is compromised. This is even more evident when he/she decides to read a text message and respond to it. This leads to a lack of visual focus on the road, one or both hands off the wheel and the mind thinking about the conversation on the phone instead of the surroundings of the vehicle: â€Å"For example, studies using a naturalistic method ology suggested that relative to interacted drivers, those drivers who text are 23 times as likely to crash,† (Wilson, Stepson).All of these factors add up to the formula of danger and disaster, which can lead to extremely brutal and even fatal accidents. Different people and organizations have taken it upon themselves to raise awareness about the dangers of testing and driving. A great example of this is the At&t 90 second documentary. It tells three different stories in which three different people were killed because of testing and driving. The stories were told by the family members of those who were killed. Two of the tragedies included the drivers who were testing and driving to be killed.A third included a car hitting a man on a bicycle because the driver was testing while driving (â€Å"Testing While Driving 90 Sec Documentary Preview'). These are personal stories being told by real people who have been affected by the negligent acts of the drivers behind the wheel. T hey hold a lot of power In them because It makes the audience think about their own lives and how they would feel If they were put in the same situation. The â€Å"No Testing while Driving† campaign Is necessary because there are constantly headlines in the news about the fatalities due to testing while driving.The communicators are the families of those who have suffered and experienced the pain caused by the minor act. Their loved ones faced untimely deaths, which could have been avoided. They are trying to tell the rest of the world that no text message is worth dying over. They have been through the worst kind of pain and there Is no coming back from It. They will always feel that emptiness Inside of them. The audience is anyone and everyone that owns a cellophane and drives a vehicle. Everyone at one point has sent a text message while driving.People think that Just cause they were successful once, that they can do it again and not worry about losing focus while driving. This is not the case. It is also why we need to continue sending these messages to everyone to avoid such accidents. Cellophane companies have made a point to make commercials for the television to audience rethink their life and what is really important. We feel sympathy for those who have suffered and perhaps try to change our habits to avoid a similar fate. The cellophane companies also appeal to ethos. This is because they are credible sources.They are selling products that are being used by millions of people around the world. Carriers such as At, Verizon, and Sprint are well known, well established and trusted throughout the world. People rely on them and therefore those companies can have a major impact on changing the way people behave behind the wheel. Furthermore, on a smaller scale, schools and colleges have started to extend the campaign towards their students. Student leaders hang posters throughout the campuses and keep coming up with new ideas to promote safe driving . One of the ideas is the thumb bands that say â€Å"TAXING KILLS.This is extremely clever because people buy the bands and wear them on their thumbs so when they are driving and decide to pick up their phone to text, they will see the message on the band and decide against it. All these strategies are bringing all of us one step closer to making the world a safer place for all of us. Individual people, families, students and major companies can all make a difference. Whether it is on a minor scale or a major scale, every little bit helps. Every life saved is a reason to celebrate. Don't text and drive. Stay alive.

Panel Discussion on K+12 in Phil Essay

A news conference or press conference is a media event in which newsmakers invite journalists to hear them speak and, most often, ask questions. A joint press conference instead is held between two or more talking sides. Definition of ‘Press Conference’ A meeting organized for the purposes of distributing information to the media and answering questions from reporters. Normally the press conference is led by the company’s executive management or their appointed press liaison. Given the media’s limited resources, it may be difficult to attract major media attention to a press conference unless the company has a truly unique or newsworthy announcement to share. Press conferences can also be issued in response to addressing public relations issues. Have you ever turned on the news and seen a person speaking to members of the press about a new product, a new player just signed to your home team or the president announcing a new policy? Maybe you saw Michael Vick apologize to fans and dog lovers after he pleaded guilty to the dogfighting charges brought against him. If so, then you’ve seen a press conference in action. A press conference is a staged public relations event in which an organization or individual presen ts information to members of the mass media. Along with the press release, public relations professionals use press conferences to draw media attention to a potential story. Press conferences are typically used for political campaigns, emergencies and promotional purposes, such as the launch of a new product. Presidents have been using press conferences since the Wilson administration to alert the country to their stance on issues or to calm public fears. Political activists hold press conferences to state opinion on proposed legislation, and candidates use them to communicate their stance on important issues. Emergency press conferences are held in response to a crisis or disaster. During the aftermath of Hurricane Katrina, the mayor of New Orleans, the governor of Louisiana and the president all held multiple press conferences to keep the country abreast of events that occurred, as well as the steps being taken to resolve the situation. Emergency press conferences serve a dual role as both public service and public relations, since those responsible for the crisis can use the press conference to regain public trust. Promotional press conferences are among the most common. Public relations professionals use press conferences to make important announcements to gain coverage in newspapers, magazines, blogs and on TV news broadcasts. Reasons to hold a press conference include: * Introducing a new product * Revealing a new scientific breakthrough * Unveiling a new advertising campaign * Announcing a charity event with a featured celebrity * Acquiring a new player on a sports team * Releasing company financial statements Promotional press conferences offer several advantages, such as the ability to reach all media outlets at the same time while controlling the message. A press conference also can build excitement or anticipation about an event. Press conferences can waste time and money if the story isn’t newsworthy or the press conference is poorly organized and executed. In this HowStuffWorks article, we’re going to explain the ins and outs of planning a press conference, walk you through the key steps, and then explore the emerging trend of Web conferences. Planning a Press Conference Step One: Choosing a Story Not every news or event announcement deserves its own press conference. Press conferences require journalists to travel and set aside time from their busy schedules, so they should be reserved only for stories that are compelling and newsworthy. For a story to be newsworthy, it should satisfy one or more of the following five requirements: * Timing — It’s happening right now * Significance — It’s affecting a lot of people, especially the target audience * Proximity — It’s happening locally or to people with whom the audience relates * Prominence — It’s happening to a famous person or organization * Human Interest — It’s emotional, such as homeless pets or children living with cancer. * A dramatic location that adds to the story * Strong visuals and good photographic opportunities * Having all the key players in one location to make statements and answer questions * Opportunity for individual, post-press conference interviews with key players Step Two: Choosing a Time and Location Journalists work under tight deadlines. If you hold a press conference too close to when a reporter must file his story, he won’t be able to attend. It’s important to research the deadlines of local journalists and plan accordingly. Avoid Mondays and Fridays, because these days are likely to be the busiest for journalists. Mornings are always preferable, since it gives daily newspaper and broadcast journalists more time to write their story. A press conference location is equally important for attracting journalists and serving their professional needs. On-location press conferences can add a dramatic, visual backdrop for an announcement. For example, if a company is donating money to clean a local river, it could hold the press conference at a scenic spot next to the water. Some locations make it difficult to meet the technical and logistical requirements of the media. Some of these are: * Having enough parking for important people and media, including room for large TV production trucks * Availability of a stage, podium and audiovisual aids to present information * Adequate seating for journalists and guests * Enough electrical outlets to plug in computers, cameras and audiovisual equipment * Ample room for TV cameras to set up their shots; perhaps on a raised platform in back * A mult-box that allows media to receive direct audio feeds from one microphone To meet these requirements, it’s sometimeseasier to hold press conferences in dedicated conference rooms, either at an organization’s headquarters, a hotel or in a local press club

Local Practice Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Local Practice - Essay Example Even as minority ethnic groups may deem equality of treatment in healthcare, it has to be acknowledged that differences in physiological makeup make it prudent to offer differentiated healthcare. Furthermore cultural practices also call for a differentiation of healthcare since, different local practices result into differentiated healthcare needs. Discussion Engagement in Risky Behavior Risky behavior is in many instances an important predictor of the health of a population. While human beings acknowledge that risky behavior is a cause for poor health it is also a fact that instances of obesity as a result of engaging in the risky behavior of eating of junk food still exists. There are other risky behaviors such as smoking and drinking which despite education on their effects still continue to unexplainably show high rates of prevalence among the American population. The same may also be said of cultural practices which though proven to be negative continue to be adhered by certain populations. While some cultural practices lead to negative and risky behavior, the cultural practices of some ethnic groups have the opposite effect. A good example of this is the prohibition of alcohol and tobacco among the Amish and the prohibition of alcohol among the Arabs. On the other hand the immigrants in America are led to alcohol consumption due to the stress of attaining the American dream.

Change Management Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Change Management - Essay Example The association between organisations and its surroundings is a vital aspect of academic viewpoints of organisational change. Organisational change is dispensed with growing number of organisational learning ideas where organisations are neither prey of usual selection nor exclusively dependent variable of decisive environmental forces. Organisations are considered as active learning associations which can be established on the basis of objectives and aims of their creators and members (Burnes, 2004). Hereby, the objective of the paper is to recognise the various aspects of learning along with its core principles and tenets. Furthermore, the paper aims at understanding the benefits and challenges faced by an established company by introducing learning. Core Tenets of Learning Any kind of organisation such as commercial organisations, educational institutions, non-profit organisations and community groups can be regarded as learning organisations. Learning organisation begins with cor e tenets that believe learning is valuable, incessant and most efficient aspect of organisations where knowledge is shared and employees are provided with equal opportunity to learn (Agarwal, n.d.). The nature of learning and its method that takes place within a company is defined by the organisational culture and groups. There are numerous ways in which organisations introduce and increase learning. The core tenets involved in a learning process can be apparently identified with reference to the following theories. Behavioural Theory of Learning In order to make organisations learn there is need for employees involved with it, to learn as well. Employees in an organisation learn as they perform according to expectations. The behaviourist theory describes the visible behaviours created by learner’s reaction to stimuli. Reaction to stimuli can be strengthened with positive or negative responses to conditions of desired behaviours (Hughes, 2006). The behaviourist theory present s learning as a multifaceted procedure of reactions to numerous types of different stimuli. According to behaviourism, knowing is providing the accurate reaction when visible to a specific stimulus. The behavioural theory is not related with how or why knowledge can be gained; rather it is related with providing appropriate response. Behavioural theory depicts learning as attainment of new behaviour (Skinner, n.d.). For instance, a significant example of organisation using behavioural method of learning is Continental Airlines. It had used behavioural learning method in effective manner in order to decrease the absenteeism and raise the efficiency of employees in the workforce. After the tragic leave of Frank Lorenzo (chairman), the self-esteem and obligation of employees in Continental Airlines was observed to be reduced significantly. During that period, the company learnt the requirement for changing the behaviour of employees for rebuilding their confidence and providing appropr iate service to the passengers. As a result, Continental Airlines applied periodical bonuses to the employees on the basis of accomplishment of target with respect to number of complaints, scheduled departure and attendance of employees. This strategy resulted in remarkable changes in activities and supported to the improvement of Continental Airlines’ performance (Korea University Open Course Ware, n.d.). Constructivist Theory of Learning Constructivist theory is the other learning theory which describes how individuals can gain knowledge and learn accordingly. This theory recommends that people construct knowledge and sense through experiences. This theory is based on trustworthy and practical circumstances. According to this theory, the accountability of

Ethnic and Cultural Diversity in Families Essay

Ethnic and Cultural Diversity in Families - Essay Example Before we proceed to explore the diversity in race and ethnicity in families, let us try to find out the meaning of ethnicity, race and culture. Ethnicity, race and culture do not have the same meaning and it is very important that these terminologies are explored separately. Socially ascribed and constructed statuses mirroring broader political and socio historical influences are constituted by ethnicity and race. Nowadays a lot of emphasis is given to immigrant families and hence it becomes very important to separate culture and immigration status. Culture is a practice which is constantly changing, dynamic and reciprocal. A person learns to adapt to the ongoing changes taking place due to the influences of history, politics and sociology. The terminology, socio cultural has been coined to show the influence of the above mentioned multiple agents. (Chao & Otsuki-Clutter, 2011). The Study Group on Race, Ethnicity and Culture has suggested defining these terminologies. According to t hem, race can defined as the phenotypic disparities which arise as a result of biological or genetic dispositions like color of the skin, texture of the hair, etc. Ethnicity can be explained as the perceived membership of a group of people depending on the ancestry, nationality, or both. Culture has a broad connotation. It considers the individual discrepancies in families in relation to the beliefs, practices and values. Culture also takes into account the roles of an individual in the family, affective styles, pattern of communication and interaction and values with regards to individualism, personal control, collectivism, religiosity and spirituality (Murry, Smith & Hill, 2001). Educating children about ethnicity and race Socialization is a means adopted by all families in order to educate children about the meaning and result of race and ethnicity. This is the way in which children are enlightened about the

Crisis Report Paper Research Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Crisis Report - Research Paper Example As the crisis is still ongoing, various news reports have revealed that both Malaysian and Philippine governments are negotiating to address the issue. Apparently, the Sultan of Sulu, who should be under the governance of the Philippine government, failed to heed the President of the Philippines’ admonitions, to wit: â€Å"Aquino appealed for his compatriots to return home peacefully and even sent a navy ship staffed with Filipino-Muslim leaders, social workers and medical personnel to facilitate their withdrawal. However, he finally lost patience with the recalcitrant Sulu insurgents and said on Saturday that they must surrender â€Å"without conditions.† The rebels had previously snubbed two deadlines to vacate the land† (Campbell, 2013, par. 2). Therefore, it is evident that no formal committee between these two governments were formed to specifically address the crisis; and all recommended solution to resolve the conflicts have apparently failed cause the deaths during the violent encounters between troups from both countires. 3. How long does the crisis last? Currently, the crisis still exists; and there are no words or news that has indicated any resolution to date. It allegedly started on February 9, 2013 (Campbell, 2013) or almost three weeks ago. Apparently, different news articles have already signified official announcements from the heads of these governments. The complicating factor was the men of the heirs to the Sultanate of Sulu to have allegedly â€Å"sailed to Sabah three weeks ago to bear arms. From the perspective of Malaysia, the sultan’s â€Å"royal army† was committing a belligerent act by defying their country’s laws where the carrying of firearms is concerned† (Before the situation gets out of hand, 2013, par. 7). There were news that report the need for closely referring and evaluating the signed international obligations under the Geneva Convention (Yeen,

Describe the major topographic features of the ocean basin floor Research Paper

Describe the major topographic features of the ocean basin floor - Research Paper Example it is these basins that are of most interest when studying the topology of the ocean floor, as they differ greatly from the features of the surrounding landmasses (Garrison, Oceanography). This essay will briefly discuss several types of the features of the deep ocean basins and some of their implications for the science and study of oceanography. These features are primarily related to various effects of tectonic plate shifting. A significant portion of the ocean floor is categorized as the abyssal plain, which are large and mostly flat areas, covered in oceanic sediment (Garrison, Oceanography). In fact, the abyssal plain covers the largest proportion of the Earth's surface, more than any other known geographical feature (Garrison, Essentials of oceanography). The abyssal plain is the portion of the seabed found at the bottom of the ocean basins, in the absence of other features or tectonic activity. They may sometimes contain areas of abyssal hills, which are formed through low-le vel volcanic activity (Karleskint). The seafloor has numerous geological structures that rise up out of this abyssal plain, most of which are also volcanic in nature. One of these is seamounts, which are volcanic protrusions from the ocean bed taller than 100 meters from base to summit (Wessel, Sandwell, & Kim). These make up approximately 5% of the known area of the ocean floor (Yesson et al.). Seamounts can be active or extinct, and play a myriad of roles in the ocean ecosystem and the flow of surrounding water (Wessel, Sandwell, & Kim). Another are knolls, which are similar to seamounts in origin, but are smaller and do not have such a large effect on the surrounding ocean. These make up approximately 16% of the ocean floor habitat. Tens of thousands of such seamounts and knolls exist on the ocean floor, many of them still unmapped or even undiscovered; the ones that are known are biased towards areas with heavier ship activity and so such proportions may be considerably differen t from the actual makeup of the rest of the ocean basin (Yesson et al.). Larger volcanic structures may even be exposed above the surface of the ocean water, and result in chains of volcanic islands (Garrison, Oceanography). These chains, and many other volcanic bathygraphic features, are generally found along the boundaries of the tectonic plates making up the Earth's crust. Island chains may also be found along the borders of deep ocean trenches, another feature of the seabed. This type of island chain is referred to as an island arc (Karleskint). Rugged oceanic ridges are another feature of the deep ocean floor, appearing in areas where the ocean floor is spreading due to a divergent plate boundary. The area where the highest volcanic activity is found is called the rift valley, and the locations where new ocean floor is being formed due to such activity are referred to as the rift zones. These rift areas are often home to vibrant communities of deep-sea ocean life, unlike the ec osystem seen on the relatively lifeless abyssal plain (Karleskint). These communities exist as a result of the hydrothermal vents, or springs of hot water, produced by these zones (Garrison, Essentials of oceanography). Ocean ridges are also usually accompanied by fracture zones, which run perpendicular to the direction of the ridges. (Karleskint). The

Strategic Information Technology Management Essay - 1

Strategic Information Technology Management - Essay Example Now, it has developed as a Multibillion Dollar Company and today, it is known as the top brands of the world. Besides a large courier and package delivery chain, they also give specialized transportation, investment and electronic business provisions. The company administers route of merchandise, resources and the related information around the globe on a daily basis (Camerer 2003). The company is able to run its business in more than 20 countruies. Development of the Role of ICT The information and communication technology sector is the main source for low income class in developing countries to fullfill their needs of communication and to acquire knowledge. But, it was not always a useful mean to get appropriate income. However, it has been in development phase for last 20 years. Now, it is playing a major role in the expansion of economic opportunities. In 1980s, the â€Å"universal access† was an aim but today, it has become a reality. At present, the information and commu nication technology segment holds Today the ICT sector holds â€Å"hardware, software, the internet, telephony, content, application and support services† (Haycock, Cheadle, and Bluestone 2012). Today, the information and communication technology sector has become the foundation of the current economical globalization and everywhere in the world the ICT sector greatly supports the economic sector. Here are the reasons. Reducing Transactional cost With the help of ICT sector, the transaction cost is reduced and productivity of sectors increases. Immediate Connectivity Through communication technology, companies can easily and quickly get connected to their clients and it is not only voice but video connectivity as well and all... This essay stresses that mobile phones are advanced means of communication and through this device a person can send a message to another person having this device and communicate by making calls. You can take your phone with you whereever you want to go. There are many other devices or ways of communication for delivering information from one place or person to another place or person. With the extended access to information and communication technologies, people are encouraged to use these technologies. The information and communication technology sector is the main source for low income class in developing countries to fullfill their needs of communication and to acquire knowledge. But, it was not always a useful mean to get appropriate income. Today, the information and communication technology sector has become the foundation of the current economical globalization and everywhere in the world the ICT sector greatly supports the economic sector. This paper makes a conclusion that the concept of information and communication technology; their role in the development and the digitization of the economy and also about the new ways of strategic thinking. The role of a manager of UPS, for the development of company with the information and communication technology changes as to how the manager brings changes with the development of information and communication technology. This study concludes that everthing depends upon the creativity of thought of a manager, he can better evaluate as how instantly he accept the changes and respond in the context of that change.

Managing In golbal market Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 5000 words

Managing In golbal market - Essay Example This internationalisation strategy report identifies two viable markets for entry, Kuwait and Brazil. In Kuwait, consumers are experiencing increased disposable income levels and consumer behaviour factors represent favourable conditions for consumer acceptance of Taco Bell and its diverse product lines. Brazil maintains stable economic conditions and also encouraging consumer behaviour which can enhance Taco Bell’s ability to improve its internationally-based revenue stream. With the chain’s intention of opening one new store, internationally, every few days (Wong 2014), Brazil and Kuwait can ensure this goal is achieved and market conditions in these two countries represent stability upon market entry. This strategy report utilises many strategic models to analyse market conditions in Brazil and Kuwait as viable markets for the chain’s growth. The report’s deliverables include a full understanding of the political, economic and social factors of both markets, the competitive environment, and specific strategic initiatives that must be established to make market entry a success and ensure profit longevity. The threats and risks in both markets are also identified that might contribute to challenges upon market entry with appropriate recommendations for overcoming any barriers to entering both markets. The Kuwaiti government recognises the opportunities for attracting foreign investment. Recently, Kuwait has established a Free Trade Zone in the city of Shuwaikh, a region closely adjacent to the Iran border, a region sustaining an important international airport, and sustaining a shipping port that facilitates recurring movement of goods via water transport systems. This Free Trade Zone provides foreign companies with complete tax exemption on earnings for 10 years upon market entry (Singh 2010). Hence, the endeavours of the Kuwaiti government to entice foreign investment provide Taco

What are the differences between managing people in a small marketing Essay

What are the differences between managing people in a small marketing consultancy and in a family run shoe factory - Essay Example But, the crucial fact is, most of the organization will be managed differently, based on the characteristics of the workers who work in it, among other reasons. Likewise, there is a difference between managing people in a small marketing consultancy and in a family run shoe factory. Firstly, inside a family run shoe factory, there will be an inbuilt or rooted organizational culture, built by the founder or the leader. That is, in any organization, the workers like the five different fingers in one’s hand, will be different from one another, as they will come from different backgrounds. The unison of these different humans under a single organization to reach a target is, and will always be a difficult proposition. As these different humans could only create a different working culture, the success rate will be minimal. Inside the shoe factory, this organizational culture could be easily established because being a family run factory, the founder or owner would have recruited or posted his/her family members from the same background in important positions. Also, as there will a close relationship between the employees, it will reflect in the work. Another vital element is, culture â€Å"coevolves† with the organization, when it achieves success (Sc hein). So, managing them will be an easy affair because of the presence of a common organizational culture. But, in the case of the marketing consultancy, the workers could be from different background having different educational qualifications, ethnicity, etc, etc. In those environments, the workers will only exhibit different mindset, and so formation of a common organizational culture is a difficult task or it will take time. So, managing a small marketing consultancy firm with different workers would also be a difficult task. Inside the family run shoe factory, on the flip side, even if the workers are found to be inept, they will not be fired easily. That is, when the employee becomes too lazy, self-seeking,

Philosophy in our daily lifes Essay Example for Free

Philosophy in our daily lifes Essay This essay will discuss how can we apply metaphysics to our daily life as students, including activities and philosophical situations that take place through the week. The writing will have a special focus on metaphysics, on how it highly impacts and relates to a high school student’s daily life, by using tools regarding this topic by Alain Badiou, Van Inwagen, Plato, Aristotle and The Matrix. Philosophy is the invention of new problems, however not all situations can be philosophically analyzed. That is why a current philosopher from metaphysics explains in his text â€Å"The Event† how are these situations identified, because currently a very crucial and polemique problem is that most of people think that philosophical situations are constantly affecting us in every single thing we do, which leads most people to mistaken normal standpoints as philosophical situations. Due to that, the author of â€Å"Thinking the Event † has made this writing to help people to stop using the term philosophy wrong. The three aspects that differ a normal standpoint with a philosophical situation are choice, distance and break. The first aspect means either picking to think or not thinking, when a complex and not regular situation takes place, which means choosing to research and get to know well the problem, or leave it how it is and walk away; the second requisite for a philosophical situation is the distance, which is the comparison of the actual situation which is commonly d etected as the truth and its farness from the power, which in regular situation there is no real distance or disagreement; the last condition is the break, which basically is to realize and accept how different is the event from reality as we know it. Cyber bullying and bullying are new problems that have grown exponentially in the twenty first century, because of the constant invention of technology and social networks. The stage of high school is a highly concentrated area of both types of bullying and other forms of molesting, however all of these according to the program of Bullying Stops With Me, one  out of four students is bullied, from which eighty percent of the times ends in physical aggression. To identify if this is a philosophical situation, the three requirements need to be present. The first one is the choice to think or not to, of why the bully is attacking the bullied; the second one is to find the distance between power and truth, in this case the power represented by the bully who is doing this because of any type of problems he has internally, that he projects towards the bullied, who represents the truth that has no reason to deserve the treatment of this teenager; the third is the break, which is being able to differ how bullying by this boy is so far from the ideal situation where he has no real problems with the bullied, who has to deal with the aggressive discharges from the damaged kid. The three conditions for a philosophical situation to be detected have been successfully proven, in a given event in a high school student’s life. This has been an example of a daily problem that many students experience in their studies at school, which after analysis it has been able to be categorized as a philosophical situation. After knowing how to differentiate regular problems from philosophical situations, it is easier to go deeper into philosophy and learn from one of its branches, which is metaphysics. Van Inwagen defines metaphysics as the study of ultimate reality, which shows a brief explanation of the topic, but still it contains a deep meaning in each word that conforms this definition given by the author. One great mind of this branch of philosophy is Plato, student of Socrates and teacher of Aristotle, who has deeply influenced many authors and philosophy as we know it today. Many high school students go through a very rough stage in their lives where the image of each person is always compared with the ideal one. These images are created or known through the ones that photoshop editors pick as perfect. They have a huge impact on the lives of high school students, which have created a substantial amount of problems to junior high students such as anorexia and bulimia among other problems because of the authors and editors and the figures that they have created to be the perfect ones and the ones that everybody should aspire to be. Plato discusses the ideal form or intelligible world and its influence on matter. This point taken by the greek philosopher relates to the perfect picture earlier discussed, of how the ideal image of a woman or man should be, which in consequence affects the matter or the scholars on their body, because they  want to resemble to those icons that the editors have created. This point is also taken by the movie of The Matrix when Neo is in the white room, seen as the residual image (perfect form of himself) which can be related to the ideal model that the world has cr eated of the human body, compared to the natural apppearence when he is in the real world, where he appears bold and his body is different. The relation of the photoshop form, the residual and the figure on the Matrix from the intelligible (Plato) world are things that highly influence a student’s life, which show how we are strange prisoners from these images, because these pupils are not common prisoners with shackles and in a prison as Plato mentions on his text The Allegory Of The Cave. Plato mentions the phrase â€Å"We are strange prisoners† because of the uncommon slavery that the world has made us be. This philosopher who lived thousands of years ago saw this polemique, that back then was present and after centuries it still is present in a high school student’s life and in a movie such as The Matrix. The film shows everyone as a prisoner from the program (the matrix), that was made by the machines to have all humans controlled so that they could take their energy. Taking into account this motion picture earlier mentioned, there is a relation between the real lives of each person in the matri x with the prisoners of The Allegory of the Cave. This text is about slaves shackled without any movement, who have been like that all of their lives, inside a cave where they see these shadows and a stories about them on a wall before them, with a fire behind to illuminate these shapes. One day the master decides to free one of the slaves who is taken outside the cave by force. Once the prisoner is out it narrates how difficult it is for him to get used to the light of the sun and the unusual world before him. For him to be able to adjust to these changes he starts by just seeing shadows, from that the moon and at the end the Sun. After his experience he gets back to the cave and he tells the other slaves what he lived and experienced, who later mocked him. At the end he gets to the conclusion that he rather be a poor servant with that knowledge than back in the shadows with ignorance. The Allegory of the Cave has six important symbolisms that relate to the lives of many high school students. The first one is the cave, which is the society, the knowledge and costumes that most of the people consider as the absolute truth; the second is the fire, representing the knowledge that society gives to each person, which shape  many lives of scholars through their acceptance of these; the third one is the prisoners that symbolizes the students; the fourth is the shadows, that are the things that learners think they know, which are perceived through their senses; the fifth is the shackles, representing the comfort zone where undergraduates stay due to the fear of being judged; the final is the light, where they can actually find the real knowledge. These symbolisms represent to be part of many of the lives that high school students have through their three years of study, because a great amount of these undergraduates constantly accept rules or truths that others implement on them. These situations reveal one very important problem that they experience when they try to belong to a group. They take the information that group gives them (fire symbolism) and that’s what they use as reference point to other activities they face through their day. As consequence they become strange prisoners from that information that is given to them, not allowing them to come out to the light (real knowledge) and experience the real world, which is way to different and more filled up with information about the world. In some cases there are students that notice that they are slaves of information that the groups give them and they decide to leave all that information behind and experience the real world, however for many it is very hard to get accustomed to the real world and its information due to the dramatic change, which in consequence leads them back to the world of shadows. Another greek philosopher named Aristotle, who made a huge impact on western philosophy discusses on his studies the four causes that lead a person to be virtuous. These causes are the material (material of what and object is composed of), the formal (the potentiality of what it can become or work for), the efficient (tools that shape the object) and the final (its purpose). These four causes are the ones that through reason lead people to accomplish their total actuality (ultimate purpose). The four causes are deeply related to a scholar’s life, as does any other human being, which can lead them to be virtuous people through the completion of the stages, however when teenagers try to fit in a club the causes seem to be farther away because of the shape that their lives take once they commit to belong to a group. High school is about fitting in and belonging to a society, where he or she relates to the people within, nonetheless these people usually try to belong to the high and social groups, which dictate a set of  norms in order to be part of it. These rules are usually doing drugs, drinking alcohol, smoking cigarettes and relations hips with the opposite gender. They usually lead the subject to an acceptable place within the group, yet these requisites lead the person to move further apart from their causes and to a virtuous life. Peer pressure assumes an important role in this case, principally because the teenager desires so bad to belong, that he or she will do anything to accomplish their goal. This situation has created polemique, because once you enter high school no person wishes to be at the bottom, without being recognized socially, which builds another wall between the subject and the final cause depending on the type of group that a person wants to belong to and how far are the ideologies of the group from the ones of the person. Van Inwagen, a metaphysician debate on how appearances tend to be deceptive and that reality stands behind all these appearances. These, disguise the reality and they do this type of â€Å"scheme† through the misleading of what people sense. Many social groups and images that photoshop has ideally formed have highly disguised the truth of perfect and ideal body. In the case of groups they show how not having parents is better (appearance), yet these people suffer of psychological problems and loneliness (reality) which they tend to hide with the amazingness of not having elderly people caring for you, leading scholars to have problems with their parents because of the attention and concern that they have for them that it is bad seen in the teen society. Another case that can relate to the point of Van inwagen of appearances being deceptive is drinking and smoking, which is seen in social high school groups to be fine and without consequences (appearances), however drinking and drugs are another way to balance their lack of attention in parenthood (reality). For photoshop they disguise these models with perfect body, teeth, hair, skin among other things when the reality is that these models just stand there and let the photographers take pictures of them, which later are incredibly edited and placed on magazines and big announcements that serve the purpose of projecting an ideal form to sell advertisements among other things. Another important situation of an undergraduate is the effort and results they tend to have at school. Many students consider high school as a social network that leads them to a happy stage of their lives by partying and skipping classes, nonetheless they forget the importance of their education when they  fa il classes, which can be occasionally improved, however the way that students deal with failure is why they cannot succeed. Plato teacher of Aristotle debates that an unexamined life is not worth living because even though people experience some discomfort or pain this is only temporary and it is worth it due to what comes next. The â€Å"temporary pain† can be seen in this case as studying more and partying less, that eventually would lead to having good grades, getting into a good college and being successful. Yet if they remain in an unexamined life of ignorance they will live a different type of pain, which will remain there for all of their lives. This last phrase of different type of pain is related to a scholar’s life when he fails classes and eventually school, leaving him without his or her studies, leading to a bad employment and misery. That is why in the Allegory of the Cave, Plato in his conversation with Glaucon mentions how the slave that was set free and comes back to the cave says that he would rather live being a poor servant of a poor master with all the knowledge that bac k in the shadows. This shows in the student’s life that if he went out to the real world and saw what he could become and the truth about it, he would not rather be an ignorant teen that only parties who remains in the shadows because he can not see what can happen if he remains the same. To conclude this essay, it has been seen the different aspects that a teenager boy or girl on high school can have and how are they related to the different authors and movie of metaphysics. These authors have one thing in common which is seeking the truth, however their methods to guide them to the goal differ. The two main authors are of greek background, Aristotle and Plato. Aristotle focuses his methods and theory on the sensible realm and later on the intelligible realm, unlike Plato who uses these concepts the other way around focusing on the world of forms or ideal world and its influence on the natural realm. It is for each person to decide the view on which they stand, which could be philosophy being a set of footnotes of Plato; Aristotle being superior than Plato, because he took Plato’s ideas and improved them; or Plato focuses on abstract ideas and Aristotle is concentrated on concrete objects and its development, changes and purposes. This views are for each person to the decide focusing mainly on undergraduates and their philosophical situations and how they wish to deal with them by either choosing one of the views or remaining in the shadows. Bibliography BIBLIOGRAPHY Cohen, Marc. The Allegory of the Cave. 11 July 2013. 12 September 2014 https://faculty.washington.edu/smcohen/320/cave.htm. Cohen, S. Marc. Aristotles Metaphysics. 11 June 2012. 12 September 2014 http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/aristotle-metaphysics/. Paul, John. 2 July 2013. 11 September 2014 http://2011bullyingprogram.weebly.com/bullying-statistics.html . Stanford Universuty. Metaphysics. 10 September 2007. 11 September 2014 http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/metaphysics/. Thesaurus.com. Synonims. http://www.thesaurus.com/browse. Unknown. Notes on Alain Badiou’s Thinking the Event. 22 June 2012. 12 September 2014 http://de-bel-aizin.tumblr.com/post/25651855872.

The Functions of the Financial System | Economics Essay

The Functions of the Financial System | Economics Essay Introduction The objective of this chapter is to provide a theoretical and empirical literature review of the relationship between financial development and economic growth in general and more narrowly at sectoral growth analysis. Therefore, it is important to determine what financial development relates to, how the financial sector and overall economy are related to each other, and the implications of such a relationship for other sectors of the economy. In the following of this chapter, the study will first review the theory of financial development, whereby explaining the framework of financial system and how they affect growth of the real sector. The next section will focus on those authors who believe that economic growth is a good predictor of financial sector development. Further, effects of financial development on various sectors growth will be discussed. The next section will review the existing empirical studies examining the relationship of FD and growth. Theoretical Background Financial System A financial system is a network of markets and institutions that bring savers and borrowers together (Hubbard, 1997). Financial systems have become the keystone of most economies around the world. This field is of great interest to economists, who research mainly the causes and impacts of its development. Through years, economists has changed their perceptive has about the nature of the relationship between financial systems and economic growth. Bagehot (1873) established the pioneering theory on the relation between financial system and economic growth in his book Lombard Street: A Description of the Money Market (1873). He found that financial markets facilitate the accumulation of capital and these markets manage the risk from relative investments and business strategies. Later, Schumpeter (1911) identified that financial intermediaries facilitate technological innovation by gathering savings, evaluating investment projects, monitoring managers and facilitating transactions. The main argument of Schumpeter was that financial development affects economic growth through technological changes and this is done by banking institutions than stock markets. According to the Schumpeterian model, banks create entrepreneurs who carry out new investment projects that lead to economic growth as these rise in investment opportunities are available due to new combinations of providing finance to entrepreneurs. Following, there were Goldsmith (1969), McKinnon (1973) and Shaw (1973) who emphasised on the role of capital accumulation in economic growth. In the McKinnon-Shaw model, a well developed financial system mobilises savings by channeling small valued savings into profitable large scale investments. According to them, without a proper participation of financial system, these savings might not be available for further investment because a financial institution mobilises savings from various savers in an efficient and effective way by avoiding information asymmetries and lowering transaction costs. Unlike Schumpeter, they did not distinguish between the banking sector and the stock market. For them, both of markets are important in the process of economic growth. Although Schumpeter (1911), McKinnon (1973), Shaw (1973) and other economists emphasised on the positive role of financial development on economic growth, they failed to explain clearly how channeling of those funds affects growth. Then came Levine (1997, 1999), who has first depicted this link clearly. Levine demonstrated five main functions of the financial markets that affect the economic growth. More specifically, Levine pointed out that financial system Facilitate the trading, hedging, diversifying, and pooling of risk, Monitor managers and apply corporate control, Allocate resources, Mobililize savings, and Facilitate the exchange of goods and services. Functions of Financial System Unlike other economists, Levine (1999) produced a comprehensive way of showing the significant role for financial markets. The impact on economic growth occurs through the following channels according to Levine. As discussed above, financial markets play a significant role in economic growth through their role of allocation capital, monitoring managers, mobilizing of savings and promoting technological changes among others. Economists had held the view that the development of the financial sector is a crucial element for stimulating economic growth. Financial development can be defined as the ability of a financial sector acquire effectively information, enforce contracts, facilitate transactions and create incentives for the emergence of particular types of financial contracts, markets and intermediaries, and all should be at a low cost.  [1]  Financial development occurs when financial instruments, markets and intermediaries ameliorate through the basis of information, enforcement and transaction costs, and therefore better provide financial services. The financial functions or services may influence saving and investment decisions of an economy through capital accumulation and technol ogical innovation and hence economic growth. Capital accumulation can either be modeled through capital externalities or capital goods produced using constant returns to scale but without the use of any reproducible factors to generate steady-state per capita growth.  [2]  Through capital accumulation, the functions performed by the financial system affect the steady growth rate thereby influencing the rate of capital formation. The financial system affects capital accumulation either by altering the savings rate or by reallocating savings among different capital producing levels. Through technological innovation, the focus is on the invention of new production processes and goods.  [3]   As market frictions and laws, regulations and policies differs to a greater extent across economies and over time, the impact of financial development on growth may have different implications for resource allocation and welfare in the economy. Relationship between Financial Development and Economic Growth (i) Link of financial development and real sectors of the economy The theoretical evidence that financial sector development fosters economic growth has been accumulating over many decades. Schumpeter (1911), McKinnon (1973), Shaw (1973) Goldsmith (1969), Levine (1999) and other proponents came with a clear understanding of the role of financial development on economic growth. However, these theories do not provide a clear explanation of the transmission of financial development to the real sector of the economy thats lead to growth. Recently, some researchers have translated these abstract links between financial development and economic growth into concrete channels, such as household consumption, investment, trade (exports and imports) and government spending. Consequently, any increase from household consumption, investment, trade and government spending will have a positive impact on the real sector of the economy, and on the growth of economies. This link is illustrated below: Yt= Ct+ It+ (Xt-Mt) + Gt, where Yt is the gross domestic product, Ct is household consumption, It is domestic investment Xt is exports, Mt for the imports and Gt is government spending. Financial development and household expenditure are highly correlated, as discussed in Claessens and Feijen (2006). They argued that despite the causal relationship between financial development and household consumption is less clear than in the case of income, there is evidence that financial development is a leading indicator for increases in household consumption. Apart from increasing the household welfare, financial development also increases investment through the allocation of capital to private sector. The World Business Environment Survey (WBES), recent research concludes that finance is the most important constraint on firm growth. Other studies such as, Rajan and Zingales (1998), Perotti and Volpin (2005) have found that the number of firms in an industry grew faster in counties that have better financial development. Claessens and Feijen (2006) also highlighted that the presence of financial intermediaries with their products such as credit cards, debit cards facilitate domestic and international payment service whereby facilitating trade. The Claessens and Feijen framework hence has demonstrated the link between financial development and economic growth through concrete channels. (ii) Finance- Growth Nexus In the traditional development economics, there exist two distinct views of the finance-growth nexus. The first view was first proposed by Schumpeter (1911) who argues that services provided by financial intermediaries are essential drivers of innovation and growth. Thus, well-developed financial systems channel financial resources to their most productive use. The Schumpeters view was later formalised by Goldsmith (1969); McKinnon (1973); Shaw (1973); King and Levine (1993); Pagano (1993); Fry (1995); Zervos and Levine (1996, 1999); Christopoulos (2004); Manoj and Kamat (2007) and Hasan, Watchel and Zhou (2008) where all believed that financial development is a catalyst for economic growth. The second view suggests that economic growth is the major driving force behind the development of the financial sector. This idea is very much stressed in the work of Robinson (1952). According to him, as an economy grows, more financial institutions, financial products and services emerge in markets in response to a higher demand for financial services. Further, the Patricks hypothesis (1966) was introduced with the supply leading and demand following, which is important to determine the relationship between financial development and economic growth. The demand following view explains the demand for financial services as dependent upon the growth of real output and the modernization of subsistence sectors. Thus, the creation of modern financial institutions, their financial assets and liabilities, related to financial services are a response to the demand for these services by investors and savers in the real economy. Therefore, the more rapid growth of real national income, the gr eater will be the demand by enterprises for external funds (the savings of others) and therefore financial intermediation. Also, with a given aggregate growth rate, the greater the variance in the growth rates among different sectors or industries, the greater will be the need for financial intermediation to transfer saving from slow-growing industries to fast-growing industries. In this case, an expansion of the financial system is induced because of real economic growth. The second causal relationship between financial development and economic growth is termed the supply leading by Patrick (1966). Supply leading has two functions. Firstly, is to transfer resources from the traditional low-growth sector to the modern high-growth sector and secondly, to promote and stimulate an entrepreneurial response in these modern sectors. Thus, the availability of financial services stimulates the demand for these services by the entrepreneurs in the modern, growth-inducing sectors. However, previous empirical studies have produced mixed and conflicting results on the nature and direction of the causal relationship between finance and economic growth

The Reconstruction Era

The Reconstruction Era Courtney Gehring The Reconstruction Era followed the abolishment of slavery and gave hope to reconnect families and become political, social, and economic equals with the white men who once enslaved them. Sadly, this was all false hope. The freedmen and freedwomen in the South became sucked back into a slavery by a different name type of servitude for the same plantation owners that once owned them with no hope of becoming an equal. During the time of Reconstruction there were three phases of reform, presidential, congressional, and radical. Presidential Reconstruction was led by President Johnson after the assassination of Abraham Lincoln. Johnson followed the same Reconstruction Plan that Lincoln had laid out: return all confiscated property, political rights to all except for the highest ranking Confederate soldiers, pardon the South on all wrongdoing, and to readmit states with 10% of its voting public.[1] Congressional Reconstruction began with the authorization of the Freedmans Bureau. This bureau was established to help and aid the freedmen after the war. Congress also nullified the Black Codes which Southern states put into law after the war to restrict African American rights and force them to work for low wages and in debt.[2] Although the Black Codes were nullified, the South created the Jim Crow laws which reenacted many of the same laws as the Black Codes and didnt officially disappear until the Civ il Rights Act of 1964 was passed. The last phase of Reconstruction was the Radical Reconstruction. During this time, radicals were elected into power. Due to this, Union troops were sent into the South to help protect the freedmen and to help keep the peace. All freedmen could legally register to vote as the 14th Amendment was passed granting African American males suffrage as it would provide them a voice and supply the freedmen with the best opportunity to fight against the oppressive class-legislation, as well as against individual persecution.[3] During this Radical Reconstruction, 400 freedmen were elected into higher office and 16 freedmen were elected into Congress. Former slave owners became infuriated by African Americans in political offices and as a result founded the Ku Klux Klan and eradicated the Southern GOP coalition. They accomplished this by accusing the carpetbaggers and poor white southerners, of having relations with freedwomen as interracial relations were illegal at this time and heavily looked down on in society. The former slave owners also convinced the poor white southerners that the freedmen were taking resources from them. Also talked them into putting racial needs before economical needs when voting. The Ku Klux Klan increased violence to discourage freedmen from voting. Another way to prevent freedmen from voting was by imposing poll taxes and by enforcing that the voter needs to know the State Constitution before they can register to vote.[4] The Southern economy was thrown into confusion by the end of the way and the former slave owners now needed to re-establish a work force and the freedmen needed jobs as the government failed to provide them with an economical plan. This complication led to sharecropping, in which freedmen would rent a place to live from the plantation owner and would work for them and in return the freedmen get to keep a portion of the crops they grow.[5] This forced the freedmen and women into a never ending cycle of debt as they do not have the money to pay for rent, their own tools, or for their own food; this prevented them from obtaining any economic equality or freedom. The Southerners have endorsed a racial and gender hierarchy in the South. At the top are the wealthy white men and the wealthy white women, then the poor white men and poor white women, and at the bottom are the black men and black women. This hierarchy helps to prevent a Radical Reconstruction from happening again as the freedm en and freedwomen have learned their place in southern society and possess no political or economic power. With the 1876 Presidential Election closing in, the Republican Presidential candidate, Rutherford B. Hayes, promised the Democratic House of Representatives to remove the troops in the South. Hayes promised to do this in order to win the election with the help of the South. He truly didnt care about the South and the freedmen, Hayes cared more about the industrial revolution in the North. This became the official end of the Reconstruction Era in the United States. Question 2: From the late 1870s until the early 1930s there had been a massive struggle between the farmers/laborers and the big businesses of the U.S. Most businesses demanded long hours and paid their workers pennies. The workers also had to endure small cramped workspaces overfilled with people and machines. Most businesses were dirty with smoke filled air and unsanitary conditions. Many families made so little that everyone, including children, had to work. For example, at the Hickory Colliery in Pennsylvania, it was very common for boys who worked in the mines for $1-$3 a week, to end up being indebted to the company by the end of the month as he had to pay more to get to work than he got paid for the work he actually did.[6] Farmers, the original backbone to the economy, were now at the mercy of big corporations as well. They felt as though corporations were chipping away at their profit as they had no control of larger necessities they needed to make a living out of farming. Businesses like equipment dealers now controlled item costs such as harvesters and plows while other businesses like the railroads and grain elevators could charge them more to move and store their crops. This caused farmers who were already in debt from the war to lose even more money. The first major attempt to organize workers on a national scale was the Knights of Labor in 1869. Originally a secret organization created by garment factory workers, the Knights of Labor became open to all workers, which included women, African Americans, and farmers. The Knights grew slowly until after the massive railroad strike in 1885 against Jay Gould, when workers walked out on the job due to pay cuts.[7] Within a year, 500,000 more people joined. The Knights of labor took a political stand as they sought an eight-hour work day, the elimination of child labor, better sanitary conditions, higher wages to match their hard work, and other reforms. The Knights of Labor fell apart after a violent incident in the Haymarket Square in Chicago. Local anarchists got together for a protest meeting to discuss the strike at the McCormick Harvester Company, but soon police showed up to disband the meeting causing someone to throw a bomb that killed multiple policemen.[8] Despite the fall of the Knights of Labor, the labor movement continued and was taken over by the American Federation of Labor (AFL). Unlike the Knights of Labor, the AFL, under Samuel Gompers, only supported skilled workers. Gompers key goals were similar to the Knights of Labors as they wanted increased wages, reducing working hours and improved working conditions. Gompers helped the labor movement to turn away from the socialist ideals that earlier labor groups had embraced, and turned it into an apolitical movement. George Pullman, founder and president of the Pullman Palace Car Company, required his workers live in Pullman City and pay him rent to live there. Due to the depression at the time, Pullman cut workers pay while still expecting the workers to pay the same price as before in rent. Three thousands of Pullmans workers went on a wildcat strike. A majority of the workers on strike belonged to the American Railroad Union (ARU), which was founded by Eugene Debs. Debs, a railroad fireman, created the union as he witnessed the poor working conditions of fellow railroad workers. The men all worked for low wages and some became injured or killed because of unsafe equipment. As a result of the cut wages, ARU members refused to let any train with a Pullman car to move. Hordes of ARU supporters wanted to aid in the strike and began stopping trains. Quickly, there was no trains moving west of Chicago. Railroad companies tried spreading lies about Deb and the ARU. This only angered strikers. and Man y of those supporting the strike stopped trains, smashed switches, and started to set fire to whatever would burn. Another crowd of rioters stopped soldiers accompanying a train. This caused a lot of casualties and well as people injured from bullets. Soon President Cleveland sent in Federal troops to put an end to the strike. This is a major part of history as it was the first time the federal army was sent in to break up a strike. The most belligerent union of the labor movement was the International Workers of the World (IWW). They represented a more radical approach to the unions and they supported the Marxist class struggle.[9] It formed from a mixture of smaller unions fighting for better working conditions out west in the mining industry. The IWW, or Wobblies, gained notability from the Colorado Mine Clashes of 1903. The major issue in Colorado was the fight over the eight-hour workday. The Legislature had passed a statute limiting the workday to eight hours in hazardous industries, such as mining and smelting. But, the Colorado Supreme Court declared it unconstitutional. Voters of Colorado passed a vote to approve the eight-hour workday, but the smelter owners fought any efforts to pass it. This led to the smelters going on strike. At first it appeared that they were going to win their demands without a fight, but then one of the smelter operators refused the deal given to them by the Governor of Colorad o.ÂÂ   The Governor that called in the National Guard who began arresting union leaders and strikers. The violence escalated after a mine exploded on November 21, 1903, which killed a superintendent and a foreman. The commanding officer of the National Guard announced a vagrancy order, it required the strikers to go back to work or be deported from the district. The IWW continued on to help fight for more rights in places like textile mills of Massachusetts, railcar builders in Pennsylvania, and rubber workers in Ohio.[10] Sadly, the greatest motivation for action against the IWW was their success in organizing industries, who were crucial to the war effort, in their call for work stoppages in the midst of the war, and their refusal to stop strikes during the war time. Many of the IWW leaders were arrested under the Espionage Act. Originally the government did not intervene in these ongoing struggles between the working class and the big corporations as the government was in support of a Laissez Faire style economy. The workers were allowed to strike peacefully as it is a first amendment freedom. Most businesses and factories ignored the workers on strike and instead hired new immigrants off the boats to work in their factories as unskilled laborers. Many companies also would deny workers the ability to become members of unions as a way of forcing their ideas that companies control who they fire, who they hire, and what they chose to pay.[11] A tremendous amount of reform was accomplished at the local and state level. In the tristate area, Progressives attempted to find a mind ground between the big businesses and the working class and creates the NY/NJ Port Authority. This was created as a private public service to help regulate the tolls and fees when crossing between New York and New Jersey. Although the government did enact the Sherman Antitrust Act in 1980, it did not accomplish much as many companies avoided the law by converting their monopolies into holding companies. Congress also passed the Pure Food and Drug Act and created the Food and Drug Administration in 1906 to improve food and medicine safety for the public. This came after Upton Sinclairs book, The Jungle, which highlighted that due to lack of government policies, the meat packing industry was packaging and selling rotten meat to the consumer as well as how dirty the facilities was as the owners only cared to make money.[12]ÂÂ   While president, Wilson in 1912, created the national banking system. He also prohibited unfair business practices and outlawed full time employment of children under the age of 16. In the midst of entering World War I, the War Industry Board redirected industry in America to help produce and provide necessities for the war. In doing this, the board granted higher wages, eigh t hour workdays, and minimum wage to the workers.[13] During the 1920s, President Coolidge raised international tariffs and gave big businesses tax cuts. He hoped that by giving businesses tax breaks that they would use to money to create more jobs in order to help encourage people of the working class to buy more. Sadly, most businesses created a few jobs and pocketed the rest of the money they saved from the tax cuts. At this time, U.S. businesses had learned how to use better technology in order to increase productivity. Unfortunately, they needed more of a demand for the amount of products they were producing. Government and businesses at this time introduce credit as a way to help stimulate the economy while engulfing people in consumerism. Companies, like Listerine, created ads targeted at everyday insecurities to convince more of the public that they needed their product.[14] Question 3: On November 2, 1920 women were first able to legally vote in a presidential election. Women and activists have fought for womans suffrage for over a century and finally, in August of 1920, the women of the United States won suffrage and were finally granted equality in the public sphere. Women have fought to leave the private sphere of the home and enter into the politics of the public sphere through the practice of maternalism, also known as public mothering.ÂÂ   Women, such as Jane Addams and other upper class women, used the males idea that women belong in the home as a way to gain access into the public sphere. Maternalism was womens way of participating in politics by using their natural maternal talent as mothers such as cleaning, looking after others, and providing care. [15] Men, like Theodore Roosevelt, believed that women belong in the home as a housewife and focus on raising the children.[16] Women agreed with this male ideal that they belonged in the private sphere, but as a mother they would be good at government housekeeping as politics were a mess at the time. Cities in the early 20th Century ran on corruption and that created dirty politics. Chicago itself was literally dirty, skies filled with smoke and dirt while the streets piled up with garbage and human waste. Jane Addams herself reached out to city hall to develop a public sewer system and reform the system of garbage collecting to help clean up the city.[17] Addams also contributed to her social work in Chicago by creating the Hull-House, a settlement house to help the immigrants in the city to teach them English, educate them in how to safely care for their children in cities. Settlement houses started popping up around the country as a safe way to help immigrants inside of the major citi es, and defend this major non-profit as public mothering of the immigrants. Women also used maternalism to create the Childrens Bureau (1912), the first federal agency in the United States.[18] Their reasoning behind needing this federal agency was to administer birth certificates to help track of mother and infant mortality rates among the working class. Compared birth certificates and death certificates to produce and show statistics showing the high mortality rate among mothers and infants among the poor. Margaret Sanger, founder of Planned Parenthood, used these statistics to rationalize why they needed to make birth control legal and accessible. Many mothers died from having too many births as they become more dangerous the more women have. Advertised that they needed birth control in order to stay alive and to be a better mother to the children they already had. Maternalism was exceedingly successful as it got a lot of women out into the public sphere and into politics alongside of the men. Sadly, these reforms mostly only reached out to the local and state levels. The biggest downside of maternalism was that women had to agree with men and admit that they belonged in the private sphere of the home. In other terms, these women said they know that women are not equal to men. In many ways, maternalism can be seen a big success for what they accomplished but also as a failure as they reinforced the idea that women are not equal. Bibliography Addams, Jane. Twenty Years at Hull-House: With Autobiographical Notes. 1910. Advertisement for Listerine. 1923. Baruch, Bernard M. American Industry in the War: A Report of the War Industries Board. Washington, D.C.: U.S. Government Printing Office, 1921. Henretta, James A., and Rebecca Edwards, and Robert O. Self. Americas History 7th ed. Boston: Bedford/St. Martins, 2011. Laws of Mississippi. 1865. On Child Labor. Labor Standard, 1877. Roosevelt, Theodore. The Strenuous Life. New York: Review of Reviews Company, 1919. Thorpe, Francis N., ed. The Federal and State Constitutions of the United States. Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office, 1909. U.S. Congress, Senate. 39th Cong., 1st sess. Washington, D.C.: 1865. U.S. Strike Commission. Report on the Chicago Strike of June-July, 1894Senate, Executive Document No. 7, 53rd Congress, 3rd Session. Washington, D.C.: Government Printing Office, 1895. [1] James A. Henretta, and Rebecca Edwards, and Robert O. Self, Americas History 7th ed. (Boston: Bedford/St. Martins, 2011), 464. [2] Laws of Mississippi, 1865, 82. [3] U.S. Congress, Senate, 39th Cong., 1st sess., 1865, ex. doc. No. 2, 1-5, 8, 36-39, 41-44. [4] Francis N. Thorpe, ed., The Federal and State Constitutions of the United States (Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office, 1909), 4:2120-2121. [5] Henretta, Americas History 7th ed., 476. [6] On Child Labor (Labor Standard, 1877). [7] Henretta, Americas History 7th ed., 551. [8] Ibid., 552. [9] Ibid., 644. [10] Ibid., 644. [11] U.S. Strike Commission, Report on the Chicago Strike of June-July, 1894Senate, Executive Document No. 7, 53rd Congress, 3rd Session (Washington, D.C.: Government Printing Office, 1895), 621-622. [12] Henretta, Americas History 7th ed., 610. [13] Bernard M. Baruch, American Industry in the War: A Report of the War Industries Board (Washington, D.C.: U.S. Government Printing Office, 1921), 65-67, 69, 100. [14] Advertisement for Listerine (1923). [15] Henretta, Americas History 7th ed., 572. [16] Theodore Roosevelt, The Strenuous Life (New York: Review of Reviews Company, 1919), 3-22. [17] Jane Addams, Twenty Years at Hull-House: With Autobiographical Notes (1910), 200-204. [18]ÂÂ   Henretta, Americas History 7th ed., 640.

World Today :: essays papers

World Today The world today, more than ever, is a steadly shrinking planet, as new technology allows us to cross boundaries and attempt feats that were once only dreams of science fiction novelists. Yet, even as progress roots out old ways of life, and new technology makes obsolete time honored traditions, we never lose sight of the rich cultures to which our earth is home. Even today, the world is still a colorful and vibrant place, filled with a myriad of exotic cultures, each with its own unique and enthralling history and traditions. It is this increasing charm and fascination with the ancient that invariably draws the curiosity of outsiders. This fact has even permeated itself throughout my life. No matter where I go and wherever I end up, there is always some measure of curiosity concerning the other hemisphere of the world. Before and especially following any significant trip, I repeatedly face the same line of inquiry, â€Å"What is the Middle East like?†. To this question I have often respond with a casual and simple answer, â€Å"It’s okay†. Upon my return from the Middle East this past summer however, I began to feel this response horriblyinsufficient, and I decided to contemplate a more meaningful answer. I quickly came across amental block as I started thinking to myself, how could I ever possibly convey the sights, the sounds and the feelings of this region, so vibrant and culturally rich, to anyone who has not had the fortune to see it for themselves? Despite these difficulties, I began to draft my thoughts. In an attempt to bring in perspective the rich and inspiring heritage of the region, I progressively began to picture my most recent vacation to Arabia, and letting my memories take charge, I began describing to the best of my ability t he highlights of my trip. Dawn crept up sluggishly the day I arrived in Saudi Arabia after my twenty-eight hour flight. After fighting, unsuccessfuly, for a few hours of some much needed sleep, I was just about to drift into doze off when the nearby mu’athin announced the dawn prayer, calling all faithful Muslims to their morning religious duty. Trying to turn over and sleep after an exhausting trip, I found my efforts compromised by the piercing bright desert sun that now edged over the horizon. Rousing myself from bed, I readied myself for the coming day, planing and imagining what each successive day would bring. Reintroducing myself to familiar sights, I noticed the same young boys from so

Ambition In Macbeth Essay -- essays research papers

In Shakespearean times, ambition was seen to be wrong, as it went against the natural order. You had to accept yourself for who you were. People were not encouraged to better themselves. In act I scene I, the three witches plan to meet Macbeth upon a heath. They announce the major theme of the play: appearances can be deceptive."Fair is foul, and foul is fair" line 10. Macbeth in Act I echoes this in Scene three,"So foul and fair a day I have not seen"These contradictions introduce a feeling of opposing forces at war. They are a symbol of the struggles that take place in the play. This could tie in with the scene in which Lady Macbeth tells her husband to "..Look like the innocent flower, but be the serpent under 't."At the beginning of scene three, the wit...

Steriods and Baseball Essay examples -- essays research papers

Athletes and Steroids   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚     Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Jose Canseco claims steroids can make an average athlete a super athlete, and make a super athlete incredible. With that statement said, it not only compels pro athletes to use steroids, but teenagers as well. In 2002, NIDA funded a study that asked teen athletes if they ever tried steroids. The study confirmed that 2.5% of 8th graders used it; about 3.5% of 10th graders; and 4% of 12th graders admitted using steroids. The percentage of teens using steroids is on the rise every year and I believe something needs to be done to prevent it from even getting higher.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Most athletes acquire steroids to gain size and strength. The main reason I believe younger athletes are taking steroids is because they take notice of pro athletes taking them. The pro athletes you hear taking them are: Barry Bonds and Jason Giambi, as of late. Young athletes have grown up watching these two superb athletes and strive to be like them. In reality, the only way they can even come close to being as great as them is by taking anabolic steroids.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Professional athletes have been taking steroids for decades, it is proven. Athletes get stripped of gold medals they’ve won in the Olympics because of steroid use. Many sports have been now increasing the amount of steroid testing because they feel it is an unfair advantage. People who take steroids clearly are more super...

E.M Forster

E. M Forster Essay â€Å"I hate the idea of causes, and if I had to choose between betraying my country and betraying my friend, I hope I should have the guts to betray my country. † It appears to me that E. M Forster does make a valuable point in her personal speculation to believe that personal relations are more important than a simple cause or patriotism. In this essay I will give reason to Forster’s opinion as well as the other view of things. Without beloved friends, not only would there be no country,but also the world would seem lonely and one would be lost. (Correlative conj. At some unexpected point in all our lives, we must come to an end, and when we do we want to be able to think, â€Å" When I must leave this world, I’m actually going to be satisfied† (complex sentence) Friends engender a certain warmth that your country will never be able to formulate within. â€Å"A friend should be one in whose understanding and virtue we can equally conf ide, and whose opinion we can value at once for its justness and its sincerity. † (Compound Sentence) This quote is a true definition of a dear friend. The comprehension between two friends is something that you simply cannot get anywhere else, let alone from your country. A single rose can be my garden, but a single friend can be my world. † Friends are roses. (metaphor) Friends blossom with you, helping you grow as a person, enlightening you, every step you take. Friendship is like a violin; the music may stop now and then, but the strings will last forever. (simile) Although this esoteric view may seem like the correct way into choosing a friend over a country, others may contradict that and think otherwise. One may think that being there for one’s country is the absolute least thing you can do to show honor and pride. The love of one's country is a splendid thing. † It’s true, having pride of what land you reside in is great. Some may argue with t he thought of standing by their country rather than a friend is a much wiser idea simply because of how your country will physically never abandon you like some friends might do over time. â€Å"Patriotism is easy to understand in America; it means looking out for yourself by looking out for your country† One can create a certain barrier of so-called protection by simply protecting their country in hope of receiving something spiritual in return.Loyalty and pride are two traits everyone should have when speaking of their homeland, how far they take it, is entirely their own path and choice to take. Overall, I agree with E. M Forster’s main idea in choosing friends over her own country if it would ever result to that. â€Å"As the year go by our friendship will never die† Even when it may not be physically visible friendship will always be there to comfort you with lengthy arms of warmth, encouragement, and companionship, traits that your own shining country will never have.

Second Foundation 5. Fourth Interlude

The cardinal Speakers passed each other on the track and angiotensin converting enzyme discloseped the other.I take over word from the First Speaker. at that place was a half(a)-apprehensive flicker in the others eyeb al wizard. Intersection lookhade?Yes May we live to see the clackThither was no sign in ein truth of Channis actions that he was aw ar of both subtle depart in the locating of Pritcher, and in their relations to each other. He leaned back on the hard woody bench and spread-eag guide his feet out(a) in seem of him.What did you make of the governor?Pritcher shrugged zero(prenominal)hing at tout ensemble. He certainly seemed no noetic genius to me. A truly unretentive speci workforce of the help launching, if thats what he was supposed(a) to be.I dont forecast he was, you chi rear ende. Im non sure what to make of it. Suppose you were a twinkling Foundati atomic number 53r, Channis grew thoughtful, what would you do? Suppose you had an o pinion of our purpose grant. How would you handle us?Conversion, of course. interchangeable the mule? Channis looked up, precipitously. Would we go by if they had converted us? I wonder- And what if they were simply psychologists, that very clever aces.In that case, Id remove us kil conduct h forting of dissolutely.And our move? No. Channis wagged a forefinger. Were stand foring a bluff, Pritcher, old small-arm. It nates tho be a bluff. steady if they contrive mad view as complicate pat, we you and I be provided fronts. Its the mule they mustiness fight, and theyre macrocosm mediocre as careful of us as we are of them. Im assuming that they sock who we are.Pritcher, stared coldly What do you intend doing?Wait. The word was bitten off. Let them go d testify to us. Theyre worried, maybe some the ship, exactly probably active the scuff. They bluffed with the governor. It didnt work. We stayed pat. The next person theyll delight allow be a sulphur Foundationer, and hell propose a deal of both(prenominal) sort.And then?And then we make the deal.I dont intend so.Because you think it volition double-cross the scuff? It wont.No, the mule could handle your double-crosses, any you could invent. merely I until now dont think so.Because you think then we couldnt double-cross the Foundationers?Perhaps non. scarcely thats non the resolve.Channis let his glance drop to what the other held in his fist, and state grimly You convey thats the reason.Pritcher crad take his chargeman, Thats chasten. You are to a lower place arrest.why?For treason to the First Citizen of the essence.Channis lips hardened upon one some other Whats sack on?Treason As I utter. And correction of the matter, on my part.Your confirmation? Or evidence, assumptions, daydreams? Are you mad?No. Are you? Do you think the scuff bares out unweaned novelsters on ludicrous swashbuckling missions for nonhing? It was queer to me at the season. simpl y I wasted age in doubting myself. Why should he send you? Because you smile and dress strong? Because youre twenty-eight.Perhaps because I can be trusted. Or arent you in the market for perspicuous reasons?Or perhaps because you cant be trusted. Which is synthetic enough, as it turns out.Are we matching paradoxes, or is this all a word plucky to see who can pronounce the to the lowest degree in the most words?And the blaster advanced, with Pritcher later on it. He s overlyd erect forrader the younger man Stand upChannis did so, in no particular hurry, and snarl the muzzle of the blaster touch his crash with no shrinking of the stomach muscles.Pritcher express What the Mule cute was to find the support Foundation. He had failed and I had failed, and the dark that neither of us can find is a advantageously-hidden one. So thither was one smashing possibility left(a) and that was to find a seeker who already*** knew the hiding-place.Is that I? manifestly it was. I d idnt know then, of course, but though my mind must be slowing, it still points in the right leaseion. How considerably we piece Stars End How miraculously you examined the correct playing area Region of the Lens from among an infinite physique of possibilties And having done so, how n churlly we observe alone the correct point for observation You boorish fool Did you so underestimate me that no gang of impossible fortuties struck you as being too much for me to demoralise?You inculpate Ive been too successful? besides successful by half for any loyal man.Because the standards of success you set me were so low?And the blaster prodded, though in the baptistry that confronted*** Channis only the cold reflect of the eyes betrayed the growth anger Because you are in the pay of the assist Foundation. devote?- infinite contempt. Prove that.Or under the mental influence.Without the Mules knowledge? Ridiculous.With the Mules knowledge. Exactly my point, my you dullard. With th e Mules knowledge. Do you suppose else that you would be given a ship to play with? You led us to the plump for Foundation as you were supposed to do.I thresh a eye of something or other out of this vastness of chaff. May I command why Im supposed to be doing all this? If were a traitor, why should I lead you to the minute Foundation? Why not here and yon by the Galaxy, skipping gaily, finding no to a great extent than you ever did?For the sake of the ship. And because the men of the Second Foundation quite simply need nuclear warfare for self-defense.Youll rescue to do better than that. One ship wont mean thing to them, and if they think theyll listen science from it a build atomic power plants next year, they are very, very simple Second Foundationers, indeed. On the pitch of simplicity as yourself, I should say.You allow puzzle the opportunity to condone that to the Mule.Were pass back to Kalgan?On the contrary. Were staying here. And the Mule will join us in 15 m inutes more or less(prenominal). Do you think he hasnt followed us, my sharp-witted, nimble-minded lump of self-admiration? You project played the decoy well up in reverse. You may not suck up led our victims to us, but you cede certainly led us to our victims.May I personate d sustain, give tongue to Channis, and explain something to you in jut out drawings? Please.You will remain standing.At*** that, I can say it as well standing. You think the Mule followed us because of the hyper examiner on the communication circuit?The blaster talent devour gesticulatered. Channis wouldnt feed sworn to it. He said You dont look surprised. just I dont waste beat doubting that you step surprised. Yes, I knew almost it. And now, having shown you that I knew of something you didnt think I did, Ill tell you something you dont know, that I know you dont.You allow yourself too many preliminaries, Channis. I should think your sense of invention was more smoothly greased. theres an inve ntion to this. There set out been traitors, of course, or enemy agents, if you prefer that term. unless the Mule knew of that in a preferably curious way. It seems, you see, that some of his Converted men had been tampered with.The blaster did waver that time. Unmistakably.I evince that, Pritcher. It was why he needed me. I was an Unconverted man. Didnt he emphasize to you that he needed an Unconverted? Whether he gave you the genuinely reason or not? filter something else, Channis. If I were a plusst the Mule, Id know it. Quietly, rapidly, Pritcher was feeling his mind. It matte the same. It felt the same. Obviously the man was lying.You mean you feel loyal to the Mule. Perhaps. Loyalty wasnt tampered with. in like manner easily detectable, the Mule said. But how do you feel mentally? Sluggish? Since you started this trip, have you always felt convening? Or have you felt strange sometimes, as though you werent quite yourself? What are you exhausting to do, bore a hole thr ough me without touching the trigger?Pritcher withdrew his blaster half an inch, What are you trying to say?I say that youve been tampered with. Youve been handled. You didnt see the Mule place that hypertracer. You didnt see anyone do it. You just piece it there, and assumed it was the Mule, and ever since youve been assuming he was following us. Sure, the wrist receiver youre wearable contacts the ship on a wave length mine isnt good for. Do you think I didnt know that? He was speaking quickly now, angrily. His cloak of languor had dissolved into savagery. But its not the Mule thats coming toward us from out there. Its not the Mule.Who, if not?Well, who do you suppose? I found that hypertracer, the day we left. But I didnt think it was the Mule. He had no reason for indirection at that point. Dont you see the nonsense of it? If I were a traitor and he knew that, I could be Converted as easily as you were, and he would have the secret of the post of the Second Foundation out o f my mind without sending me half across the Galaxy. Can you keep a secret from the Mule? And if I didnt know, then I couldnt lead him to it. So why send me in either case?Obviously, that hypertracer must have been rank there by an agent of the Second Foundation. Thats whos coming towards us now. And would you have been fooled if your precious mind hadnt been tampered with? What kind of normality have you that you imagine vast folly to be wisdom? Me need a ship to the Second Foundation? What would they do with a ship?Its you they want, Pritcher. You know more about the Union than anyone but the Mule, and youre not hazardous to them while he is. Thats why they put the direction of hunting into my mind. Of course, it was completely impossible for me to find Tazenda by random searchings of the Lens. I knew that. But I knew there was the Second Foundation after us, and I knew they engineered it. Why not play their game? It was a battle of bluffs. They wanted us and I wanted their perspective and space take the one that couldnt outbluff the other.But its we that will lose as yen as you hold that blaster on me. And it obviously isnt your idea. Its theirs. Give me the blaster, Pritcher. I know it seems handle to you, but it isnt your mind speaking, its the Second Foundation within you. Give me the blaster, Pritcher, and well face whats coming now, together. Pritcher, faced a growing confusion in horror. Plausibility Could he be so wrong? Why this eternal doubt of himself? Why wasnt he sure? What make Channis sound so plausible?PlausibilityOr was it his own tortured mind fighting the impingement of the alien.Was he split in dickens?Hazily, he saw Channis standing beforehand him, hand outstretched and suddenly, he knew he was going to give him the blaster.And as the muscles of his arm were on the point of contracting in the proper manner to do so, the room access opened, not hastily, behind him and he turned.There are perhaps men in the Galaxy who can be abstruse for one another regular by men at their peaceful leisure. Correspondingly, there may be conditions of mind when even unlikely pairs may be mis-recognized. But the Mule rises above any combination of the cardinal factors.Not all Pritchers agony of mind prevented the vociferousaneous mental engorge of cool vigor that engulfed him.Physically, the Mule could not omit any situation. Nor did he dominate this one.He was rather a anomalous figure in his layers of clothing that modify him past his normality without allowing him to reach normal dimensions even so. His face was muffled and the unremarkably dominant beak covered what was left in a cold-red prominence.Probably as a vision of rescue, no greater incongruity could exist.He said curb your blaster, Pritcher. indeed he turned to Channis, who had shrugged and lay himself The emotional context here seems rather confusing and considerably in conflict. Whats this about somebody other than myself following you?Pritcher intervened sharply Was a hypertracer placed upon our ship by your beau mondes, sir?The Mule turned cool eyes upon him, Certainly. Is it very likely that any brass in the Galaxy other than the Union of Worlds would have access to it?He said-Well, hes here, general. corroboratory quotation is not necessary. Have you been reflexion anything, Channis?Yes. But mistakes apparently, sir. It has been my opinion that the tracer was put there by someone in the pay of the Second Foundation and that we had been led here for some purpose of theirs, which I was prepared to counter. I was under the progress impression that the general was more or less in their hands.You sound as if you think so no longer.Im panicky not. Or it would not have been you at the door.Well, then, let us thresh this out. The Mule peeled off the outer layers of padded, and electrically heated clothing. Do you mind if I sit down as well? Now we are safe here and perfectly free of any peril of intrusion. No native of this lump of ice will have any confide to approach this place. I assure you of that, and there was a grim earnestness about his insistence upon his powers.Channis showed his disgust. Why privacy? Is someone going to serve tea and dumbfound out the dancing girls?Scarcely. What was this theory of yours, young man? A Second Foundationer was analyze you with a device which no one but I have and how did you say you found this place?Apparently, sir, it seems obvious, in order to account for known facts, that certain notions have been put into my head-By these same Second Foundationers?No one else, I imagine. thus it did not extend to you that if a Second Foundationer could force, or entice, or inveigle you into going to the Second Foundation for purposes of his own and I assume you imagined he used methods confusable to mine, though, mind you, I can ingraft only emotions, not ideas it did not occur to you that if he could do that there was petty(a) necessity to put a hypertracer on you.And Channis looked up sharply and met his sovereigns large eyes with sudden startle. Pritcher grunted and a visible relaxation behavior showed itself in his shoulders.No, said Channis, that hadnt occurred to me.Or that if they were obligate to trace you, they couldnt feel capable of directional you, and that, undirected, you could have precious little pretend of finding your way here as you did. Did that occur to you?That, neither.Why not? Has your expert level receded to a so-much-greater-than-probable degree?The only answer is a question, sir. Are you get together General Pritcher in accusing me of being a traitor?You have a defense in case I am? but the one I presented to the general. If I were a traitor and knew the whereabouts of the Second Foundation, you could Convert me and learn the knowledge directly. If you felt it necessary to trace me, then I hadnt the knowledge beforehand and wasnt a traitor. So I answer your paradox with another. then your conclusion?Th at I am not a traitor.To which I must agree, since your transmission line is irrefutable.Then may I ask you why you had us secretly followed?Because to all the facts there is a third explanation. both you and Pritcher explained some facts in your own one-on-one ways, but not all. I if you can spare me the time will explain all. And in a rather perfectly time, so there is little danger of boredom. Sit down, Pritcher, and give me your blaster. There is no danger of attack on us any longer. None from in here and none from out there. None in fact even from the Second Foundation. thank to you, Channis.The room was lit in the wonted(prenominal) Rossemian fashion of electrically heated wire. A single bulb was suspended from the jacket and in its dim yellow glow, the one-third cast their individual shadows.The Mule said Since I felt it necessary to trace Channis, it was obvious I expect to gain something thereby. Since he went to the Second Foundation with a startling speed and dire ctness, we can fairly assume that that was what I was expecting to happen. Since I did not gain the knowledge from him directly, something must have been preventing me. Those are the facts. Channis, of course, knows the answer. So do I. Do you see it, Pritcher?And Pritcher said doggedly No, sir.Then Ill explain. Only one kind of man can both know the location of the Second Foundation and prevent me from nurture it. Channis, Im afraid youre a Second Foundationer yourself.And Channis elbows be on his knees as he leaned forward, and through stiff and angry lips said What is your direct evidence? Deduction has proven wrong twice today.There is direct evidence, too, Channis. It was lento enough. I told you that my men had been tampered with. The tamperer must have been, obviously, someone who was a) Unconverted, and b) fairly close to the spirit of things. The field was large but not entirely unlimited. You were too successful, Channis. People like you too much. You got along too w ell. I wondered-And then I summoned you to take over this expedition and it didnt set you back. I watched your emotions. It didnt nark you. You overplayed the confidence there, Channis. No man of reliable competence could have avoided a genius of uncertainty at a telephone circuit like that. Since your mind did avoid it, it was either a foolish one or a controlled one.It was easy to test the alternatives. I seized your mind at a sec of relaxation and filled it with grief for an flagrant and then removed it. You were angry by and by with such accomplished art that I could have sworn it was a instinctive reaction, but for that which went first. For when I wrenched at your emotions, for just one instant, for one critical instant before you could catch yourself, your mind resisted. It was all I needed to know.No one could have resisted me, even for that flyspeck instant, without control similar to mine.Channis voice was low and corrosive Well, then? Now what?And now you conk as a Second Foundationer. sort of necessary, as I believe you realize.And erst again Channis stared into the muzzle of a blaster. A muzzle guided this time by a mind, not like Pritchers capable of offhand twisting to suit himself, but by one as hop on as his own and as loathly to force as his own.And the period of time allotted him for a correction of events was small.What followed thenceforth is difficult to describe by one with the normal complement of senses and the normal senselessness for emotional control.Essentially, this is what Channis realized in the tiny space of time involved in the pushing of the Mules flip upon the trigger contact.The Mules real emotional makeup was one of a hard and polished mark, unmisted by swing in the least. Had Channis been sufficiently interested by and by to calculate the time involved from the determination to shoot to the arrival of the disintegrating energies, he capacity have realized that his leeway was about one-fifth of a s econd.That was barely time.What the Mule realized in that same tiny space of time was that the emotional authorisation of Channis brain had surged suddenly upwards without his own mind feeling any encroachment and that, simultaneously, a flood of pure, thrilling aversion cascaded upon him from an unexpected direction.It was that new emotional chemical element that jerked his thumb off the contact. Nothing else could have done it, and almost together with his change of action, came complete realization of the new situation.It was a tableau that endured far less than the entailment adhering to it should require from a dramatic standpoint. There was the Mule, thumb off the blaster, staring intently upon Channis There was Channis taut, not quite strikingness to breathe yet. And there was Pritcher, convulsed in his hold in each muscle at a spasmodic breaking point every tendon writhing in an attack to hurl forward his face ill-shapen at last out of schooled woodenness into an u nidentifiable death mask of horrid loathe and his eyes only and entirely and supremely upon the Mule.Only a word or ii passed between Channis and the Mule only a word or two and that utterly revealing stream of emotional consciousness that remains forever the professedly interplay of understanding between such as they. For the sake of our own limits, it is necessary to empathize into words what went on, then, and thenceforward.Channis said, tensely Youre between two fires, First Citizen. You cant control two minds simultaneously, not when one of them is mine so you have your choice. Pritcher, is free of your Conversion now. Ive snapped the bonds. Hes the old Pritcher the one who tried to erase you once the one who thinks youre the enemy of all that is free and right and holy and hes the one besides who knows that youve degenerate him to helpless adulation for five years. Im safekeeping him back now by suppressing his will, but if you kill me, that ends, and in considerably less time than you could shift your blaster or even your will he will kill you.The Mule quite obviously realized that. He did not move.Channis keep If you turn to place him under control, to kill him, to do anything, you wont ever be quick enough to turn again to stop me.The Mule still did not move. Only a soft sigh of realization.So, said Channis, throw down the blaster, and let us be on even cost again, and you can have Pritcher back.I made a mistake, said the Mule, finally. It was wrong to have a third party present when I confronted you. It introduced one variable too many. It is a mistake that must be paid for, I suppose.He dropped the blaster carelessly, and kicked it to the other end of the room. Simultaneously, Pritcher crumpled into muddy sleep.Hell be normal when he awakes, said the Mule, indifferently.The entire exchange from the time the Mules thumb had begun pressing the trigger-contact to the time he dropped the blaster had occupied just under a second and a half of time.But just beneath the borders of consciousness, for a time just above the borders of detection, Channis caught a fugitive from justice emotional gleam in the Mules mind. And it was still one of sure and confident triumph.