ARTICLES OF CONFEDERATION vs THE CONSTITUTION essays

ARTICLES OF CONFEDERATION vs THE CONSTITUTION essays ARTICLES OF CONFEDERATION vs. THE CONSTITUTION There are major differences between the Articles of Confederation and the Constitution. The Articles of Confederation had been in effect sine 1781. They established what could be referred to as a "league of friendship" and a quasi-constitution for the states that were sovereign and independent subsequent to the American Revolution. Those articles appeared to be "woefully inadequate" to James Madison. Madison believed that the central government had little power, while the states had considerable power. The central government was not able to tax, or set commercial power, nor could a war effort be effectively supported. It did not have the power to settle disputes between the states. The central government was considerably weak in all aspects in light of the Articles of Confederation. Something had to be done about this before a great economic disaster occurred. Congress attempted to function with a treasury that had been drained. Inflation was at an all time high. Many people were in debt. In fact, quite a few of them were thrown into prison, while land was being confiscated and sold for taxes. James Madison felt that something had to be done quickly, and he opined that there should be a strong central government so that order and stability could be provided to the nation. The Constitutional Convention was the means to fashion the new government of America into Madison's mold. The Constitution would become a revision of the Articles of Confederation. When the delegates of the states met in Philadelphia, it was a momentous occasion. In fact, many were optimistic of the Constitutional Convention. What Madison had in mind was the production of a central government that would be powerful with state governments becoming subversive. Had I been alive in the year the Constitution was submitted to the states, I can honestly say that I would ha ...

THE VOICE OF THE COMMON SOLDIER essays

THE VOICE OF THE COMMON SOLDIER essays In contemporary times, much criticism has been placed upon Rudyard Kipling for his support of British Imperialism; George Orwell went so far as to call him the "prophet of British Imperialism during its expansionist phase." To be sure, a considerable portion of Kipling's works were written in celebration and support of Imperial expansion, but it is short-sighted to simply label him as an Imperial propagandist or apologist. Two of his most oft-condemned poems, Recessional and The White Man's Burden, actually were used by both sides of the colonial issue at the time.1 A reading of Recessional, taken in the context of the prevailing attitudes of the time, seems to indicate that it is a piece about hubris rather than a promotion of the Empire. And the "burden" that Kipling writes on, while patronizing, was indeed a genuine burden.2 The fact that the British Empire went far in alleviating famine and disease in the conquered territories should not be ignored. It is beyond a doubt, however, that Kipling was convinced of Britain's superiority in the world. In For All We Have and Are, for instance, the reader is convinced with the last two lines, "What stands if Freedom fall?/Who dies if England live?" Kipling was not by far the most vociferous of the jingoists; having been somewhat of an outsider all for his life, he showed great sympathy for those whose lives were wasted in the expansion of the empire, and criticized the Imperial machinery that used them. His poetry as told by the common British soldiers show his ability maintain his status as poet laureate of the Empire while telling the stories of its victims, and at times, condemning it for the way it treated those soldiers. Kipling published Barrack-Room Ballads in 1890, and it immediately gained him great success in England. A collection of poems written in the voice of a London cockney, they display Kipling's remarkable breadth of understanding of soldiers and soldiering during the Vi...

Government Policies Influence On International Business Essay

Government Policies Influence On International Business - Essay Example The government views Free Trade Agreements as an effective way of opening up foreign markets to the exporters of the U.S. Policymakers and economists believe that Free Trade Agreements will not only reduce trade barriers to U.S.A’s exports but also serve to protect the country’s interests in the Free Trade Agreement partner country. The further reduction of barriers to trade and the subsequent creation of a transparent and stable investment and trading environment eases the cost burden of U.S companies to export products and services to trading partners. Free Trade comes with the following advantages to the U.S: †¢ Spreading the value of freedom.†¢ Reinforcing the very fundamental rule of law.†¢ Facilitating economic development in some of the developing countries in the world such as Colombia (Villareal, 2014).The promotion of innovation and competition in businesses in the U.S in the past decade is probably the greatest benefit of the Free Trade policy to the country. On the other hand, the dumping problem created by the same Free Trade Agreements is the worst of difficulties that local producers face. Advantage of Free Trade: Promotion of competition and innovation Currently, very few people in America earn a living from subsistence agriculture and local trade as that would be too costly in terms of financial costs and the time spent. Americans today can access most of the items that they need such as food and clothes on the open market with ease.

Taking a Rugby Penalty Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Taking a Rugby Penalty - Essay Example ("Penalty") A penalty is identified if the referee blows the whistle and raises an arm in the direction of the team to whom the penalty has been awarded. Then, the team captain has to make a decision of what to do to the ball that is already in their possession. If the captain chooses to kick a goal, the kicker places the ball on the spot where the penalty occurred, or anywhere on a direct line behind it, just like a conversion. Unlike a conversion, the defending team is not allowed to rush the kicker at any time while a penalty kick is being attempted. If the penalty kick has been successful, it is worth three points. ("Understanding") The penalized team must retreat or move back ten metres away while the team that was awarded with the penalty must restart the game. With the ball now in their possession, the team captain must decide what to do with the ball. He will then have to choose from the following choices: A tap penalty. This move is often taken quickly to exploit lack of organisation in the opposition's retreating defence. It is where a player drops the ball onto his foot and kicks it up into his arms and then carries the ball forward. ("Penalty") A kick to touch. The side with the penalty gets the throw-in to the resultant line-out, from which they have a good chance of securing possession. This is used mainly to gain territory though it is also used as a tactic to gain a platform for a rolling maul near the opponents try line and muscle over for a score. ("Penalty") A kick at goal. The kick at goal is usually taken off the ground from a sand or plastic tee (though it is possible to drop kick the ball). If it is successful, they score three points, and the opposition restarts from the centre line. If the penalty is missed, a 22 metre drop-out is awarded to the opposition. ("Penalty") A scrum. A team may opt to have a scrum. This would normally be taken if an attacking team wished to have all the defensive forwards tied up in one place allowing the backs the luxury of a one on one confrontation. Alternatively, if a team has ascendancy in the scrums they may try for a pushover try, which may result in the award of a penalty try if the scrums are deliberately collapsed by the defending side. ("Penalty") Rugby Players' Decision-Making The players' decision-making before taking penalties in rugby entails too much pressure for them. One wrong decision - that is one wrong choice from the options stated above - may cost the team the game. Decision-making is the most difficult task the coaches are face over the years. The difficulties in trying to get players to take the best option in taking penalties involve enough time and effort for both parties. Both strategic decisions regarding what kind of game plan to follow or when is would be the different moves appropriately

Erving Goffman The Presentation of Self in Everyday Life Essay Example for Free

Erving Goffman The Presentation of Self in Everyday Life Essay Erving Goffman has completed a wonderful presentation of human behaviour and face-to-face interactions, of a first meeting between two people, who may or may not have an audience. The use of a theatrical performance to explain the interaction was indeed an ingenious idea that kept me intrigued until the very end. This book was written in 1959 but its referencing to human behaviour is still very much relevant to today’s life style. Human behaviour patterns have been written about by many individuals over the years, why we do the things we do or how long we have been undertaking these behaviours. Is there any relevance to the patterns in our behaviour? It would seem there definitely appears to be. As a society, to influence how another person perceives who we are. We give appearances and refinements of someone we want people to see, yet not particularly who we truly are. Goffman describes this as a performance, a play that we put on to give a good first impression. This play could become a nightmare, if we do not keep it under control. It can be difficult to play the part of someone you are not, for the reason that it can rebound on you. It is better to persist with who you are, and not reveal all of yourself in the beginning, like a good story. To present who we are, we should start at the foundation, begin with presenting an opening act. This act should be near to true life, the person you would like to be known as. Currently a person of importance gives the impression that they know what they are doing, example your doctor. If they were a person who, on first meeting gave the impression that they were unsure, confused and unconfident, would you go back to them? No, perhaps not. Even when they are having a bad day your doctor will always appear to be in control, so that we feel more at ease. When we first meet new people we try to acquire information about them, it is then how the person delivers this information, that we base our assumptions. People give information verbally and non-verbally by expressions, movements, gestures and other presumably unintentional communications, like a slight smile. Our brain takes all this information into consideration then makes a personal judgment based on the material it collects. There is so much information for us to collect and make our decision on, that we sometimes need a second meeting to be able to make a correct judgement on a particular person we have meet. Goffman concludes that his own assumptions are made upon a face-to-face interaction and the result of an encounter, the performance that is given to each particular participant and their performance as a basic point of reference. In conclusion, Goffmans writings clearly represent how we present ourselves in everyday life today, and possibly well into the future. References Erving, Goffman (1959). The Presentation of Self in Everyday Life, New York, Anchor Books, pp. 1-16.

Urban Elite Theory Essay -- Development, Politics, Vancouver

Theoretical Lenses I. Urban Elite Theory Urban elite theory will provide students with a theoretical lens by which to understand the redevelopment projects initiated in the Downtown Eastside of Vancouver during the lead-up to the 2010 Olympic Games. Urban elite theory extends the scope of classical elite theory by adding that a metropolis is divided by its physical districts based on class distinctions (Darity et. al., 2008). The presence and power of elites, however, is not seen as entirely negative according to this theoretical perspective. Instead, the collusion of elites is necessary for stability and efficiency within a political system. If urban elite theory were to be applied to the Vancouver case, one hypothesis would be that urban elites participate in development projects in order to maximize their political power and consolidate their involvement within certain communities. A successful gentrification project redevelops an area through the collaboration of political and business elites. Such a project would prov ide housing that caters to young professionals who will so...

Explore Models Of Disability

The medical model: is presented as viewing disability as a problem of the person, directly caused by disease, trauma, or other health condition which therefore requires sustained medical care provided in the form of individual treatment by professionals. In the medical model, management of the disability is aimed at a â€Å"cure,† or the individual’s adjustment and behavioral change that would lead to an â€Å"almost-cure† or effective cure. In the medical model, medical care is viewed as the main issue.The Social Model : The social model of disability sees the issue of â€Å"disability† as a socially created problem and a matter of the full integration of individuals into society. In this model, disability is not an attribute of an individual, but rather a complex collection of conditions, many of which are created by the social environment. Hence, the management of the problem requires social action and is the collective responsibility of society at larg e to make the environmental modifications necessary for the full participation of people with disabilities in all areas of social life.The issue is both cultural and ideological, requiring individual, community, and large-scale social change. From this perspective, equal access for someone with an impairment/disability is a human rights issue of major concern. The Moral Model: Refers to the attitude that people are morally responsible for their own disability. For example, the disability may be seen as a result of bad actions of parents if congenital, or as a result of practising witchcraft if not.The empowering Model: Allows for the person with a disability and his/her family to decide the course of their treatment and what services they wish to benefit from. This, in turn, turns the professional into a service provider whose role is to offer guidance and carry out the client’s decisions. In other words, this model â€Å"empowers† the individual to pursue his/her own goals. The examples above are only some of the ‘models’ of disability which have been defined over the last few years.The two most frequently mentioned are the ‘social’ and the ‘medical’ models of disability. The medical model of disability views disability as a ‘problem’ that belongs to the disabled individual. It is not seen as an issue to concern anyone other than the individual affected. For example, if a wheelchair using individual is unable to get into a building because of some steps, the medical model would suggest that this is because of the wheelchair, rather than the steps. The social model of disability, in contrast, would see the steps as the disabling barrier.This model draws on the idea that it is society that disables people, through designing everything to meet the needs of the majority of people who are not disabled. There is a recognition within the social model that there is a great deal that society can do to r educe, and ultimately remove, some of these disabling barriers, and that this task is the responsibility of society, rather than the disabled person. Many people are willing to adopt the social model and to make adjustments for people who have a visible disability.However, they are not as accommodating with people who have a hidden disability, or a disability that is not clearly understood. People with impairments are disabled by the fact that they are excluded from participation within the mainstream of society as a result of physical, organisational and attitudinal barriers. These barriers prevent them from gaining equal access to information, education, employment, public transport, housing and social/recreational opportunities. However, recent developments promote inclusion.Anti-discrimination legislation, equal-opportunity policies and programmes of positive action have arisen because it is now more widely recognised that disabled people are unnecessarily and unjustly restricte d in or prevented from taking part in a whole range of social activities which non-disabled people access and take for granted. In my day service, working in a person centred manner is imperative for all the individuals that attend. Respecting their individuality and uniqueness is paramount.Whilst understanding the medical model is essential to treat conditions, receive pain relieving drugs and identify necessary assistive aids, understanding the social model of disability is equally as essential. As a service we undertook with our service users the task of going out in our local town and seeing firsthand what barriers people with physical/sensory disabilities faced. We identified several venues, e. g. library, bank, park and local indoor market and we set out to identify what barriers, if any our service users faced trying to access the facilities.The social barriers were evident immediately. The library had stairs with no lift, so it was inaccessible for wheelchair users, the park had extremely uneven footpaths, which was extremely dangerous for people with walking aids and the bank had an electronic door, but only stayed open for 3 seconds so the individual I had accompanied there in a wheelchair would have actually got stuck in the door had I not been there to press the door again quickly to reopen it.As a service, we supported our service users in writing letters to the organisations explaining the difficulties disabled people faced trying to access their buildings and our service users told us they felt empowered and liberated having done that. As a service, which is named ‘Our Choice’ that is exactly what it is, the service users choice in what they want to do with their time with us, how they want to do it and with whom.My role is to ensure I am properly trained to work with a range of person centred planning tools and implement them tools in a person centred way. I ensure that our agency staff and our volunteers understand the ethos of pe rson centred planning and maintain high training standards so that our service users feel respected and empowered at all times.